我们为生成对抗网络（GAN）提出了一个新颖的理论框架。我们揭示了先前分析的基本缺陷，通过错误地对GANS的训练计划进行了错误的建模，该缺陷受到定义不定的鉴别梯度的约束。我们克服了这个问题，该问题阻碍了对GAN培训的原则研究，并考虑了歧视者的体系结构在我们的框架内解决它。为此，我们通过其神经切线核为歧视者提供了无限宽度神经网络的理论。我们表征了训练有素的判别器，以实现广泛的损失，并建立网络的一般可怜性属性。由此，我们获得了有关生成分布的融合的新见解，从而促进了我们对GANS训练动态的理解。我们通过基于我们的框架的分析工具包来证实这些结果，并揭示了与GAN实践一致的直觉。

预测在环境中只有部分了解其动态的综合动态现象是各种科学领域的普遍存在问题。虽然纯粹的数据驱动方法在这种情况下可以说是不充分的，但是基于标准的物理建模的方法往往是过于简单的，诱导不可忽略的错误。在这项工作中，我们介绍了适当性框架，是一种具有深度数据驱动模型的微分方程所描述的不完整物理动态的原则方法。它包括将动态分解为两个组件：对我们有一些先验知识的动态的物理组件，以及物理模型错误的数据驱动组件核对。仔细制定学习问题，使得物理模型尽可能多地解释数据，而数据驱动组件仅描述了物理模型不能捕获的信息，不再少。这不仅为这种分解提供了存在和唯一性，而且还确保了可解释性和益处泛化。在三个重要用例中进行的实验，每个代表不同的现象，即反应 - 扩散方程，波动方程和非线性阻尼摆锤，表明，空间程度可以有效地利用近似物理模型来准确地预测系统的演变并正确识别相关的物理参数。

科学出版物的产出成倍增长。因此，跟踪趋势和变化越来越具有挑战性。了解科学文档是下游任务的重要一步，例如知识图构建，文本挖掘和纪律分类。在这个研讨会中，我们从科学出版物的摘要中可以更好地理解关键字和键形酶提取。

根据语言熟悉效应（LFE），人们更好地区分母语的说话者。尽管这种认知效应在文献中很大程度上进行了研究，但实验仅在有限的语言对上进行，其结果仅显示出效果的存在，而不会产生逐渐的措施，而逐步的措施可能会随着语言对而变化。在这项工作中，我们表明Thorburn，Feldmand和Schatz（2019）引入的LFE计算模型可以解决这两个局限性。在第一个实验中，我们证明了该模型通过在本地和强调语音上复制行为发现来获得LFE的逐步度量的能力。在第二个实验中，我们通过大量语言对评估LFE，其中包括许多从未在人类上进行过测试的语言。我们表明，这种效果在各种各样的语言中得到了复制，从而提供了其普遍性的进一步证据。以LFE的逐步度量为基础，我们还表明属于同一家庭的语言产生了较小的分数，从而支持语言距离对LFE产生影响的想法。

Practitioners use Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) in different problems for about sixty years. Besides, Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) are an alternative to HMMs and appear in the literature as different and somewhat concurrent models. We propose two contributions. First, we show that basic Linear-Chain CRFs (LC-CRFs), considered as different from the HMMs, are in fact equivalent to them in the sense that for each LC-CRF there exists a HMM - that we specify - whom posterior distribution is identical to the given LC-CRF. Second, we show that it is possible to reformulate the generative Bayesian classifiers Maximum Posterior Mode (MPM) and Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) used in HMMs, as discriminative ones. The last point is of importance in many fields, especially in Natural Language Processing (NLP), as it shows that in some situations dropping HMMs in favor of CRFs was not necessary.

Advances in computer vision and machine learning techniques have led to significant development in 2D and 3D human pose estimation from RGB cameras, LiDAR, and radars. However, human pose estimation from images is adversely affected by occlusion and lighting, which are common in many scenarios of interest. Radar and LiDAR technologies, on the other hand, need specialized hardware that is expensive and power-intensive. Furthermore, placing these sensors in non-public areas raises significant privacy concerns. To address these limitations, recent research has explored the use of WiFi antennas (1D sensors) for body segmentation and key-point body detection. This paper further expands on the use of the WiFi signal in combination with deep learning architectures, commonly used in computer vision, to estimate dense human pose correspondence. We developed a deep neural network that maps the phase and amplitude of WiFi signals to UV coordinates within 24 human regions. The results of the study reveal that our model can estimate the dense pose of multiple subjects, with comparable performance to image-based approaches, by utilizing WiFi signals as the only input. This paves the way for low-cost, broadly accessible, and privacy-preserving algorithms for human sensing.

Due to the environmental impacts caused by the construction industry, repurposing existing buildings and making them more energy-efficient has become a high-priority issue. However, a legitimate concern of land developers is associated with the buildings' state of conservation. For that reason, infrared thermography has been used as a powerful tool to characterize these buildings' state of conservation by detecting pathologies, such as cracks and humidity. Thermal cameras detect the radiation emitted by any material and translate it into temperature-color-coded images. Abnormal temperature changes may indicate the presence of pathologies, however, reading thermal images might not be quite simple. This research project aims to combine infrared thermography and machine learning (ML) to help stakeholders determine the viability of reusing existing buildings by identifying their pathologies and defects more efficiently and accurately. In this particular phase of this research project, we've used an image classification machine learning model of Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) to differentiate three levels of cracks in one particular building. The model's accuracy was compared between the MSX and thermal images acquired from two distinct thermal cameras and fused images (formed through multisource information) to test the influence of the input data and network on the detection results.

The advances in Artificial Intelligence are creating new opportunities to improve lives of people around the world, from business to healthcare, from lifestyle to education. For example, some systems profile the users using their demographic and behavioral characteristics to make certain domain-specific predictions. Often, such predictions impact the life of the user directly or indirectly (e.g., loan disbursement, determining insurance coverage, shortlisting applications, etc.). As a result, the concerns over such AI-enabled systems are also increasing. To address these concerns, such systems are mandated to be responsible i.e., transparent, fair, and explainable to developers and end-users. In this paper, we present ComplAI, a unique framework to enable, observe, analyze and quantify explainability, robustness, performance, fairness, and model behavior in drift scenarios, and to provide a single Trust Factor that evaluates different supervised Machine Learning models not just from their ability to make correct predictions but from overall responsibility perspective. The framework helps users to (a) connect their models and enable explanations, (b) assess and visualize different aspects of the model, such as robustness, drift susceptibility, and fairness, and (c) compare different models (from different model families or obtained through different hyperparameter settings) from an overall perspective thereby facilitating actionable recourse for improvement of the models. It is model agnostic and works with different supervised machine learning scenarios (i.e., Binary Classification, Multi-class Classification, and Regression) and frameworks. It can be seamlessly integrated with any ML life-cycle framework. Thus, this already deployed framework aims to unify critical aspects of Responsible AI systems for regulating the development process of such real systems.

Model calibration, which is concerned with how frequently the model predicts correctly, not only plays a vital part in statistical model design, but also has substantial practical applications, such as optimal decision-making in the real world. However, it has been discovered that modern deep neural networks are generally poorly calibrated due to the overestimation (or underestimation) of predictive confidence, which is closely related to overfitting. In this paper, we propose Annealing Double-Head, a simple-to-implement but highly effective architecture for calibrating the DNN during training. To be precise, we construct an additional calibration head-a shallow neural network that typically has one latent layer-on top of the last latent layer in the normal model to map the logits to the aligned confidence. Furthermore, a simple Annealing technique that dynamically scales the logits by calibration head in training procedure is developed to improve its performance. Under both the in-distribution and distributional shift circumstances, we exhaustively evaluate our Annealing Double-Head architecture on multiple pairs of contemporary DNN architectures and vision and speech datasets. We demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art model calibration performance without post-processing while simultaneously providing comparable predictive accuracy in comparison to other recently proposed calibration methods on a range of learning tasks.

Dataset scaling, also known as normalization, is an essential preprocessing step in a machine learning pipeline. It is aimed at adjusting attributes scales in a way that they all vary within the same range. This transformation is known to improve the performance of classification models, but there are several scaling techniques to choose from, and this choice is not generally done carefully. In this paper, we execute a broad experiment comparing the impact of 5 scaling techniques on the performances of 20 classification algorithms among monolithic and ensemble models, applying them to 82 publicly available datasets with varying imbalance ratios. Results show that the choice of scaling technique matters for classification performance, and the performance difference between the best and the worst scaling technique is relevant and statistically significant in most cases. They also indicate that choosing an inadequate technique can be more detrimental to classification performance than not scaling the data at all. We also show how the performance variation of an ensemble model, considering different scaling techniques, tends to be dictated by that of its base model. Finally, we discuss the relationship between a model's sensitivity to the choice of scaling technique and its performance and provide insights into its applicability on different model deployment scenarios. Full results and source code for the experiments in this paper are available in a GitHub repository.\footnote{https://github.com/amorimlb/scaling\_matters}